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<title>Louis Fraser</title>

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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Louis Fraser</h1>

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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr">Louis Fraser (* 1819 oder Anfang 1820; † 1883 oder bald danach)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> war ein <a href="Vereinigtes_K%C3%B6nigreich" title="Vereinigtes Königreich">britischer</a> <a href="Zoologe" title="Zoologe">Zoologe</a> und Sammler.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leben_und_Wirken">Leben und Wirken</h2></div>

Das genaue Datum seiner Geburt oder seines Todes sind nicht bekannt. Es gibt eine Heiratsurkunde, nach der er am 17. Februar 1844 heiratete und damals 24 Jahre alt war. Die letzte bekannte Nachricht von ihm sind die Etiketten einiger von ihm in Florida gesammelter Vögel im Zoologischen Museum der Universität Cambridge mit seiner Handschrift (Juli 1883, ein <a href="Amerika-Schlangenhalsvogel" title="Amerika-Schlangenhalsvogel">Amerika-Schlangenhalsvogel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Er starb wahrscheinlich vor 1888 in Nordamerika.

Fraser war der Sohn eines Seemanns und war ab 1832 Laufbursche (Office boy) im Museum der <a href="Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>. 1841 wurde er <a href="Kurator_(Museum)" title="Kurator (Museum)">Kurator</a> des Museums, wobei er damals schon fünf Veröffentlichungen in den Proceedings der Zoological Society vorweisen konnte. Er nahm auf Einflussnahme von <a href="Edward_Smith-Stanley%2C_13._Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 13. Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> (Präsident der Zoological Society) an Allens und Thomsons Niger-Expedition zwischen 1841 und 1842 als Wissenschaftler der African Civilization Society teil.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>, wobei er eine bedeutende Sammlung im Golf von Guinea zusammenstellte. Nach seiner Rückkehr 1842 war er wieder am Museum der Zoological Society, in dem er 1844 Kurator wurde.

Er gab ab 1845 Zoologica Typica, or figures of the new and rare animals and birds in the collection of the Zoological Society of London, heraus, einen reichlich illustrierten <a href="Foliant" title="Foliant">Folianten</a>, der in 14 Lieferungen zwischen 1845 und der Einstellung aus finanziellen Gründen 1849 erschien. In diesem Buch beschrieb er eine Vielzahl neuer Vogelarten und Säugerarten, die der Zoological Society präsentiert wurden. 1846 gab er seinen Posten bei der Zoological Society auf, um mit einem Halbjahresvertrag für Lord Derby in Nordafrika zu sammeln. 1847 sammelte er dort auf eigene Rechnung. Ab April 1848 war er temporär für die Sammlung von Lord Derby in <a href="Knowsley_Hall" title="Knowsley Hall">Knowsley Hall</a> verantwortlich. Sein Nachfolger wurde schließlich David Dyson (1823–1856), der bis zum Tod Derbys die Sammlung als <a href="Kurator_(Museum)" title="Kurator (Museum)">Kurator</a> betreute.<a href="#cite_note-Express107-4">[4]</a> Es war Fraser, der im Jahr 1850 mit Catalogue of the Knowsley Collections einen Katalog über die Sammlung publizierte. Das sechsbändige Manuskript über die Vögel der Sammlung ist in Liverpool.

1851 bis 1853 Fraser auf Vermittlung von Lord Derby zum Vize-<a href="Konsul" title="Konsul">Konsul</a> von <a href="Ouidah" title="Ouidah">Ouidah</a>, <a href="K%C3%B6nigreich_Dahomey" title="Königreich Dahomey">Dahomey</a> ernannt, während der Regierungszeit des Königs von Dahomey <a href="G%C3%A9zo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gézo">Gézo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Ab 1857 sammelte er in Südamerika für drei Jahre Vögel und Säugetiere für <a href="Philip_Lutley_Sclater" title="Philip Lutley Sclater">Philip Lutley Sclater</a> von der <a href="Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>, unter anderem 1859 in <a href="Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> und im folgenden Jahr in <a href="Kalifornien" title="Kalifornien">Kalifornien</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>. Nach seiner Rückkehr nach <a href="London" title="London">London</a> eröffnete er in <a href="Knightsbridge_(Stadtteil)" title="Knightsbridge (Stadtteil)">Knightsbridge</a> und danach in der <a href="Regent_Street" title="Regent Street">Regent Street</a> ein Geschäft für exotische <a href="V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel">Vögel</a>, das aber nicht erfolgreich war. Er ging wieder nach Nordamerika und arbeitete für Woodward's Gardens in <a href="San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, was er für eine Tätigkeit auf <a href="Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> aufgab<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>. Im Jahr 1862 verfasste er unter der Federführung von Sclater die erste Ausgabe von List of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London. 1866 ist er wieder in London nachweisbar.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Seine letzten Lebensjahre verbrachte er in Amerika und sammelte 1883 in Florida.

Fraser sammelte über 1000 Exemplare von Vögeln in Tunesien, Dahomey (Benin), Niger, <a href="Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Póo</a>, Ecuador, Panama, Guatemala und Nordamerika. 645 wurden in Sammlungen in Großbritannien, Deutschland und den USA identifiziert<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>, darunter über 100 Typexemplare. Seine Sammlung ist unter anderem im <a href="Natural_History_Museum_at_Tring" title="Natural History Museum at Tring">Natural History Museum at Tring</a>, in Liverpool und in Cambridge. Er hinterließ ausführliche und detaillierte Beobachtungsnotizen.

Sein Sohn Oscar Louis Fraser war ab 1882 Assistent am Indian Museum in Calcutta und Fellow der <a href="Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

Fraser korrespondierte mit <a href="Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dedikationsnamen">Dedikationsnamen</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Glaucis Fraseri ein Synonym für den Weißbinden-Schattenkolibri (Threnetes ruckeri) gemalt von Gould und <a href="Henry_Constantine_Richter" title="Henry Constantine Richter">Henry Constantine Richter</a> (1821–1902)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Anthreptes frazeri ein Synonym für den Laubnektarvogel (Deleornis fraseri) illustriert von James Hope Stewart (1789–1883)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Laubnektarvogel (Deleornis fraseri) gemalt von <a href="John_Gerrard_Keulemans" title="John Gerrard Keulemans">John Gerrard Keulemans</a> (1842–1912)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Tityra inquisitor fraserii ♀ gemalt von <a href="Joseph_Wolf" title="Joseph Wolf">Joseph Wolf</a> (1820–1899)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Tityra inquisitor fraserii ♂ gemalt von Joseph Wolf</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Basileuterus fraseri gemalt von <a href="Joseph_Smit" title="Joseph Smit">Joseph Smit</a> (1836–1929)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Conirostrum cinereum fraseri gemalt von Smit</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Oreomanes fraseri gemalt von John Jennens</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Celeopicus Fraseri ♀ (Figur 5) ein Synonym für den Rotkehlspecht (Celeus loricatus)</div>

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Fraser wird im <a href="Epitheton" title="Epitheton">Epitheton</a> von verschiedenen Vogelarten geehrt, darunter der <a href="Feenwalds%C3%A4nger" title="Feenwaldsänger">Feenwaldsänger</a> (Myiothlypis fraseri <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261921330">

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</style><a href="Philip_Lutley_Sclater" title="Philip Lutley Sclater">Sclater, PL</a>, 1884)<a href="#cite_note-sclater653-11">[11]</a>, der Laubnektarvogel (Deleornis fraseri (<a href="William_Jardine%2C_7._Baronet_of_Applegarth" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jardine, 7. Baronet of Applegarth">Jardine</a> & <a href="Prideaux_John_Selby" title="Prideaux John Selby">Selby</a>, 1843))<a href="#cite_note-Jardine52-12">[12]</a>, die Kurzlaufdrossel (Stizorhina fraseri (<a href="Hugh_Edwin_Strickland" title="Hugh Edwin Strickland">Strickland</a>, 1844))<a href="#cite_note-strickland101-13">[13]</a> und der <a href="Riesenspitzschnabel" title="Riesenspitzschnabel">Riesenspitzschnabel</a> (Oreomanes fraseri Sclater, PL, 1844)<a href="#cite_note-sclater75-14">[14]</a>. Auch der Name einer Unterart des Schwarzschnabeltityra (Tityra inquisitor fraserii (<a href="Johann_Jakob_Kaup" title="Johann Jakob Kaup">Kaup</a>, 1852))<a href="#cite_note-kaup47-15">[15]</a> und des Weißstirn-Spitzschnabels (Conirostrum cinereum fraseri Sclater, PL, 1859)<a href="#cite_note-sclater452-16">[16]</a> ist eine Widmung an Fraser. Außerdem hat Bonaparte die Gattung Fraseria für den Waldschnäpper (Fraseria ocreata (Strickland, 1844)) eingeführt, da Fraser das <a href="Typusexemplar" class="mw-redirect" title="Typusexemplar">Typusexemplar</a> von seiner Niger-Expedition mitgebracht hatte.<a href="#cite_note-bonaparte536-17">[17]</a> Die Unterart der <a href="Tamburintaube" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamburintaube">Tamburintaube</a> (Turtur tympanistria fraseri (<a href="Charles_Lucien_Jules_Laurent_Bonaparte" title="Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a>, 1855))<a href="#cite_note-bonaparte67-18">[18]</a> gilt heute als Synonym für die Nominatform. Mit der Lieferung 24 seiner Kolibritafeln aus dem Jahr 1861<a href="#cite_note-waterhouse45-19">[19]</a> beschrieb <a href="John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a> Glaucis Fraseri<a href="#cite_note-gould12-20">[20]</a>, ein Name der heute als Synonym für den <a href="Wei%C3%9Fbinden-Schattenkolibri" title="Weißbinden-Schattenkolibri">Weißbinden-Schattenkolibri</a> (Threnetes ruckeri (<a href="Jules_Bourcier" title="Jules Bourcier">Bourcier</a>, 1847)) steht. Des Weiteren findet sich sein Name in Celeopicus Fraseri <a href="Alfred_Malherbe" title="Alfred Malherbe">Malherbe</a>, 1862<a href="#cite_note-malherb16-21">[21]</a>, ein Synonym für den <a href="Rotkehlspecht" title="Rotkehlspecht">Rotkehlspecht</a> (Celeus loricatus (<a href="Ludwig_Reichenbach" title="Ludwig Reichenbach">Reichenbach</a>, 1854)) und in Nectarinia fraseri <a href="Heinrich_Dohrn" title="Heinrich Dohrn">Dohrn</a>, 1866<a href="#cite_note-dohrn326-22">[22]</a>, ein Synonym für den Einsiedel-Nektarvogel (Cyanomitra obscura (Jardine, 1843)).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schriften_(Auswahl)">Schriften (Auswahl)</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser exhibited a new species of Corythaix, which he proceeded to characterize as fellows</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 7, 1839, S. 34–35 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96163#page/560/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+exhibited+a+new+species+of+Corythaix%2C+which+he+proceeded+to+characterize+as+fellows&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1839&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=34-35&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser read his description of two new species of Birds, from a collection made in the Island of Luzon, and recently forwarded to the Society by Hugh Cuming, Esq.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 7, 1839, S. 112–113 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96163#page/642/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+read+his+description+of+two+new+species+of+Birds%2C+from+a+collection+made+in+the+Island+of+Luzon%2C+and+recently+forwarded+to+the+Society+by+Hugh+Cuming%2C+Esq.&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1839&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=112-113&rft.volume=7" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser pointed out the character of several new species of Humming-birds, which have been placed in his hands by Earl of Derby for this purpose, and that they might be exhibited at one of the Society's scientific meetings.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 8, Nr. 86, 1840, S. 14–19 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96163#page/736/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+pointed+out+the+character+of+several+new+species+of+Humming-birds%2C+which+have+been+placed+in+his+hands+by+Earl+of+Derby+for+this+purpose%2C+and+that+they+might+be+exhibited+at+one+of+the+Society%27s+scientific+meetings.&rft.date=1840&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=86&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.pages=14-19&rft.volume=8" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">A letter from Mr. Fraser</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 9, 1842, S. 97 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/109/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=A+letter+from+Mr.+Fraser&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1842&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=97&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>mit George Robert Waterhouse: <cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser, the naturalist to the Niger expedition, exhibited several new species of Quadrupeds, constituting part of his collection formed at Fernando Po, and Mr. Waterhouse, at the request of the Chairman, read his description of new species, there having been placed in his hands for examination by Mr. Fraser.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 10, 1842, S. 124–130 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/276/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser%2C+the+naturalist+to+the+Niger+expedition%2C+exhibited+several+new+species+of+Quadrupeds%2C+constituting+part+of+his+collection+formed+at+Fernando+Po%2C+and+Mr.+Waterhouse%2C+at+the+request+of+the+Chairman%2C+read+his+description+of+new+species%2C+there+having+been+placed+in+his+hands+for+examination+by+Mr.+Fraser.&rft.au=mit+George+Robert+Waterhouse&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1842&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=124-130&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser laid before the Meeting some new species of Birds, constituting part of his collection formed at Fernando Po, and characterized them as follows</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 10, 1842, S. 141–142 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/293/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+laid+before+the+Meeting+some+new+species+of+Birds%2C+constituting+part+of+his+collection+formed+at+Fernando+Po%2C+and+characterized+them+as+follows&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1842&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=141-142&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser communicated to the Meeting the following descriptions of new species of Birds, constituting part of the collection he had formed in the Niger expedition</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 10, 1842, S. 144–145 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/296/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+communicated+to+the+Meeting+the+following+descriptions+of+new+species+of+Birds%2C+constituting+part+of+the+collection+he+had+formed+in+the+Niger+expedition&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1842&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=144-145&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser then characterized two new species of Birds from Western Africa</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 10, 1842, S. 189–190 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/340/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+then+characterized+two+new+species+of+Birds+from+Western+Africa&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1842&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=189-190&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser exhibited a specimen of Galago Senegalensis, procured at Cape Coast, Western Africa, and a new species of Shrew from Fernando Po, which characterized as follows</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 10, 1842, S. 200–201 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/340/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+exhibited+a+specimen+of+Galago+Senegalensis%2C+procured+at+Cape+Coast%2C+Western+Africa%2C+and+a+new+species+of+Shrew+from+Fernando+Po%2C+which+characterized+as+follows&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1842&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=200-201&rft.volume=10" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser laid before the Meeting some new species of Birds from Fernando Po, which he characterized as follows</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 3–5 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/371/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+laid+before+the+Meeting+some+new+species+of+Birds+from+Fernando+Po%2C+which+he+characterized+as+follows&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=3-5&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser laid before the Meeting eight new species of Birds from Western Africa, which he thus characterized as</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 16–17 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/384/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+laid+before+the+Meeting+eight+new+species+of+Birds+from+Western+Africa%2C+which+he+thus+characterized+as&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=16-17&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser exhibited and described a new species of Bat, belonging to the genus Rhinolophus, and four new species of birds from West Africa</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 25–27 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/393/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+exhibited+and+described+a+new+species+of+Bat%2C+belonging+to+the+genus+Rhinolophus%2C+and+four+new+species+of+birds+from+West+Africa&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=25-27&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser characterized two new species of Birds collected in Western Africa</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 34–35 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/402/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+characterized+two+new+species+of+Birds+collected+in+Western+Africa&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=34-35&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser exhibited a specimen of a Pouchad Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) and various species of Birds which he had procured on the western coast of Africa during the Niger expedition, and read the following notes relating to them in Western Africa</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 51–54 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/419/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+exhibited+a+specimen+of+a+Pouchad+Rat+%28Cricetomys+Gambianus%29+and+various+species+of+Birds+which+he+had+procured+on+the+western+coast+of+Africa+during+the+Niger+expedition%2C+and+read+the+following+notes+relating+to+them+in+Western+Africa&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=51-54&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser pointed out the distinguishing characters of a new species of Patridge which had recently died at the Society menagerie</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 69–70 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/437/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+pointed+out+the+distinguishing+characters+of+a+new+species+of+Patridge+which+had+recently+died+at+the+Society+menagerie&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=69-70&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser having carefully determined the species of birds forming part of an extensive collection of subjects of natural history, brought to England by Mr. Bridges, laid them before the Meeting, and communicated the following notes from that gentlemen relating to their habits, ranges, &c.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 11, 1843, S. 108–121 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96442#page/476/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+having+carefully+determined+the+species+of+birds+forming+part+of+an+extensive+collection+of+subjects+of+natural+history%2C+brought+to+England+by+Mr.+Bridges%2C+laid+them+before+the+Meeting%2C+and+communicated+the+following+notes+from+that+gentlemen+relating+to+their+habits%2C+ranges%2C+%26c.&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=108-121&rft.volume=11" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. L. Fraser laid upon the table three new species of Birds, which he described as</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 12, 1844, S. 37–38 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46217#page/49/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+L.+Fraser+laid+upon+the+table+three+new+species+of+Birds%2C+which+he+described+as&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1844&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=37-38&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser also described a new bird from Chile, for which he proposed the name Leptopus Mitchelli</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 12, 1845, S. 157 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12862451#page/169/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> – 1844).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+also+described+a+new+bird+from+Chile%2C+for+which+he+proposed+the+name+Leptopus+Mitchelli&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1845&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=157&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Zoologia typica; or, Figures of new and rare animals and birds described in the proceedings, or exhibited in the collections of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Selbstverlag, London 1847 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/165547#page/7/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.btitle=Zoologia+typica%3B+or%2C+Figures+of+new+and+rare+animals+and+birds+described+in+the+proceedings%2C+or+exhibited+in+the+collections+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1847&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Selbstverlag" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Catalogue of the Knowsley Collections, Belonging to the Right Honourable Edward (Thirteenth) Earl of Derby</cite>. Printed by Author, Knowsley 1850.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Knowsley+Collections%2C+Belonging+to+the+Right+Honourable+Edward+%28Thirteenth%29+Earl+of+Derby&rft.date=1850&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Knowsley&rft.pub=Printed+by+Author" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Description of a new species of Hyrax from Fernando Po</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Annals and Magazine of Natural History</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">2</cite>). Band 14, Nr. 90, 1854, S. 158–159 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19476#page/182/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Description+of+a+new+species+of+Hyrax+from+Fernando+Po&rft.date=1854&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=90&rft.jtitle=Annals+and+Magazine+of+Natural+History&rft.pages=158-159&rft.series=2&rft.volume=14" style="display:none"> </li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Mr. Fraser exhibited a considerable number of Birds, from the collection of T.C. Eyton, Esq.</cite> In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 24, 1857, S. 368–369 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19476#page/182/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> – 1856).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Mr.+Fraser+exhibited+a+considerable+number+of+Birds%2C+from+the+collection+of+T.C.+Eyton%2C+Esq.&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1857&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=368-369&rft.volume=24" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>mit William Jameson: <cite style="font-style:italic">Notes on some of the Humming-birds of Ecuador figured in Mr. Gould's Monograph</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Ibis</cite>. Band 1, Nr. 4, 1859, S. 399–400 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/239981#page/447/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Notes+on+some+of+the+Humming-birds+of+Ecuador+figured+in+Mr.+Gould%27s+Monograph&rft.au=mit+William+Jameson&rft.date=1859&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Ibis&rft.pages=399-400&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>mit Philip Lutley Sclater: <cite style="font-style:italic">List of the vertebrated animals now or lately living in the gardens of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. 1. Auflage. Taylor and Frances, London 1862 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/60376#page/11/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a>).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.au=mit+Philip+Lutley+Sclater&rft.btitle=List+of+the+vertebrated+animals+now+or+lately+living+in+the+gardens+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1862&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Frances" style="display:none"> </li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>

<ul><li>Clemency Thorne Fisher: Fraser, Louis (b. 1819/20–d. in or after 1883). In: <a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Oxford 2004, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/10118" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10118">doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10118</a>.</li>

<li>Gordon Goodwin: Fraser, Louis. In: <a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Band 20, Oxford 1888, (<a href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Fraser,_Louis_(DNB00)" class="extiw external" title="s:en:Fraser, Louis (DNB00)">Wikisource</a>).</li>

<li><cite style="font-style:italic">Death of Mr. David Dyson</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">The Substitute; Or, Etomological Exchange Facilitator, and Entomologist’s Fire-side Companion</cite>. Nr. 9, 1856, S. 106–108 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=rhMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA106">books.google.de</a> [abgerufen am 21. August 2015] Zuerst abgedruckt im Express. 12. Dezember 1856).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Death+of+Mr.+David+Dyson&rft.date=1856&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=The+Substitute%3B+Or%2C+Etomological+Exchange+Facilitator%2C+and+Entomologist%E2%80%99s+Fire-side+Companion&rft.pages=106-108" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Amberley Moore: “Your lordship’s most obliged servant”: letters from Louis Fraser to the thirteenth Earl of Derby, 1840 to 1851. Archives of Natural History, Band 31, 2004, S. 102–122, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.102?journalCode=anh">euppublishing.com</a> Abstract).</li>

<li>Amberley Moore, James Jobling: The unknown traveller - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser, Vortrag British Ornithological Society 2004, Bulletin British Ornithological Society, 124, 2004, S. 2, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulletinofbriti124125brit/mode/1up">archive.org</a>).</li>

<li>Philip Lutley Sclater: <cite style="font-style:italic">List of Birds collected by Mr. Fraser in the vicinity of Quito, and during excursions to Pichincha and Chimborazo; with Notes and Descriptions of New Species</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 28, Nr. 1, 1860, S. 73–83 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46225#page/109/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=List+of+Birds+collected+by+Mr.+Fraser+in+the+vicinity+of+Quito%2C+and+during+excursions+to+Pichincha+and+Chimborazo%3B+with+Notes+and+Descriptions+of+New+Species&rft.au=Philip+Lutley+Sclater&rft.date=1860&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.pages=73-83&rft.volume=28" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Philip Lutley Sclater: <cite style="font-style:italic">List of Birds collected by Mr. Louis Fraser, at Cuenca, Gualaquiza and Zamora, in the Republic of Ecuador</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 26, 1858, S. 449–461 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/100585#page/545/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=List+of+Birds+collected+by+Mr.+Louis+Fraser%2C+at+Cuenca%2C+Gualaquiza+and+Zamora%2C+in+the+Republic+of+Ecuador&rft.au=Philip+Lutley+Sclater&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.date=1858&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=449-461&rft.volume=26" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Philip Lutley Sclater: <cite style="font-style:italic">Description of five apparently new Species of South-American Passeres</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the Year 1883</cite>. 1883, S. 653–654 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/91169#page/807/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Description+of+five+apparently+new+Species+of+South-American+Passeres&rft.au=Philip+Lutley+Sclater&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Scientific+Meetings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London+for+the+Year+1883&rft.date=1883&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=653-654" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Hugh Edwin Strickland: <cite style="font-style:italic">Description of some new species of Buirds brought by Mr. L. Fraser from Western Africa</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 12, Nr. 136, 1844, S. 99–102 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/46217#page/111/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Description+of+some+new+species+of+Buirds+brought+by+Mr.+L.+Fraser+from+Western+Africa&rft.au=Hugh+Edwin+Strickland&rft.date=1844&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=136&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.pages=99-102&rft.volume=12" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>William Jardine, 7. Baronet of Applegarth, Prideaux John Selby: <cite style="font-style:italic">Illustrations of Ornithology</cite> (= <cite style="font-style:italic">New Series</cite>. Band 4, Lieferung). Willizars, Edinburgh 1843 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=-cgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT235">books.google.de</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.au=William+Jardine%2C+7.+Baronet+of+Applegarth%2C+Prideaux+John+Selby&rft.btitle=Illustrations+of+Ornithology&rft.date=1843&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Willizars&rft.series=New+Series" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Johann Jakob Kaup: <cite style="font-style:italic">Descriptions of some new birds in the Museum of Earl of Derby</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</cite>. Band 19, Nr. 221, 1851, S. 39–53 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/96443#page/63/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Descriptions+of+some+new+birds+in+the+Museum+of+Earl+of+Derby&rft.au=Johann+Jakob+Kaup&rft.date=1851&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=221&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft.pages=39-53&rft.volume=19" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: <cite style="font-style:italic">Notes sur les Collections rapportées en 1853, par M. A. Delattre, de son voyage en Californie et dans le Nicaragua</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences</cite>. Band 38, 1854, S. 533–541 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/16563#page/543/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Notes+sur+les+Collections+rapport%C3%A9es+en+1853%2C+par+M.+A.+Delattre%2C+de+son+voyage+en+Californie+et+dans+le+Nicaragua&rft.au=Charles+Lucien+Jules+Laurent+Bonaparte&rft.btitle=Comptes+rendus+hebdomadaires+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+sciences&rft.date=1854&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=533-541&rft.volume=38" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte: <cite style="font-style:italic">Conspectus generum avium</cite>. Band 2. E. J. Brill, Leiden 1857 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k99025b/f67.image">gallica.bnf.fr</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.au=Charles+Lucien+Jules+Laurent+Bonaparte&rft.btitle=Conspectus+generum+avium&rft.date=1857&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>John Gould: <cite style="font-style:italic">A monograph of the Trochilidæ, or family of humming-birds</cite>. Band 1, Lieferung 24. Taylor and Francis, London 1861 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/108333#page/188/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 21. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.au=John+Gould&rft.btitle=A+monograph+of+the+Trochilid%C3%A6%2C+or+family+of+humming-birds&rft.date=1861&rft.genre=book&rft.issue=Lieferung+24&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.volume=1" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Frederick Herschel Waterhouse: <cite style="font-style:italic">The dates of publication of some of the zoological works of the late John Gould, F.R.S.</cite> R. H. Porter, London 1885 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45936#page/9/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 21. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.au=Frederick+Herschel+Waterhouse&rft.btitle=The+dates+of+publication+of+some+of+the+zoological+works+of+the+late+John+Gould%2C+F.R.S.&rft.date=1885&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=R.+H.+Porter" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Alfred Malherbe: <cite style="font-style:italic">Monographie des Picidées ou Histoire naturelle des Picidés, Pigumminés, Yuncinés ou Torcols</cite>. Band 2. Jules Veronnais, Metz 1862 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6244691x/f26">gallica.bnf.fr</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.au=Alfred+Malherbe&rft.btitle=Monographie+des+Picid%C3%A9es+ou+Histoire+naturelle+des+Picid%C3%A9s%2C+Pigummin%C3%A9s%2C+Yuncin%C3%A9s+ou+Torcols&rft.date=1862&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Metz&rft.pub=Jules+Veronnais&rft.volume=2" style="display:none"> </li>

<li>Heinrich Wolfgang Ludwig Dohrn: <cite style="font-style:italic">Synopsis of the Birds of Ilha do Principe, with some Remarks on their Habits and Descriptions of new Species</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London for the year 1866</cite>. 1866, S. 324–332 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/90954#page/412/mode/1up">biodiversitylibrary.org</a> [abgerufen am 15. August 2015]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.atitle=Synopsis+of+the+Birds+of+Ilha+do+Principe%2C+with+some+Remarks+on+their+Habits+and+Descriptions+of+new+Species&rft.au=Heinrich+Wolfgang+Ludwig+Dohrn&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Scientific+Meetings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London+for+the+year+1866&rft.date=1866&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=324-332" style="display:none"> </li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Lebensdaten nach Clemency Thorne Fisher: Fraser, Louis. In: <a href="Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Online-Ausgabe 2004. Amberley Moore (siehe Literatur) gibt 1884 als Todesdatum an.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> Amberley Moore, James Jobling: The unknown traveller - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser. Vortrag British Ornithological Society 2004. In: Bulletin British Ornithological Society. Band 124, 2004, S. 2. Unter den gesammelten Vögeln war auch ein Exemplar des ausgestorbenen <a href="Karolinasittich" title="Karolinasittich">Karolinasittich</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade (Hrsg.): <cite style="font-style:italic">The Friend of Africa</cite>. J.W. Parker, 1841, S. 143 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.de/books?id=XcENAAAAQAAJ">books.google.de</a> [abgerufen am 23. Mai 2008]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Louis+Fraser&rft.btitle=The+Friend+of+Africa&rft.date=1841&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=J.W.+Parker" style="display:none">

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Express107-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Express107_4-0">↑</a> Meldung des Express. 12. Dezember 1856 abgedruckt in The Substitute; Or, Etomological Exchange Facilitator, and Entomologist's Fire-side Companion. S. 107.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Amberley Moore, James Jobling: The unknown traveller - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser. Vortrag British Ornithological Society 2004 In: Bulletin British Ornithological Society. Band 124, 2004, S. 2.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Die Korrespondenz mit Sclater ist anscheinend nicht mehr erhalten, da Sclaters Stadthaus im Zweiten Weltkrieg von einer Bombe getroffen wurde. Amberley Moore, James Jobling, The unknown traveller, loc. cit.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> Goodwin, Dictionary of National Biography 1888

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Goodwin, loc. cit.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> Amberley Moore, James Jobling, The unknown traveller - the ornithological collections of Louis Fraser, Vortrag British Ornithological Society 2004, Bulletin British Ornithological Society, 124, 2004, S. 2 (Club Announcements)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Goodwin, Fraser, Louis, Dictionary of National Biography 1888. Danach war er noch 1888 in Calcutta.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sclater653-11"><a href="#cite_ref-sclater653_11-0">↑</a> Philip Lutley Sclater, 1884 (1883), S. 653, Tafel 61.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Jardine52-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Jardine52_12-0">↑</a> William Jardine, 7. Baronet of Applegarth u. a., Tafel 52 & Text.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-strickland101-13"><a href="#cite_ref-strickland101_13-0">↑</a> Hugh Edwin Strickland, 1844, S. 101.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sclater75-14"><a href="#cite_ref-sclater75_14-0">↑</a> Philip Lutley Sclater, 1844, S. 75, Tafel 159.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-kaup47-15"><a href="#cite_ref-kaup47_15-0">↑</a> Johann Jakob Kaup, S. 47, Tafel 37 & 38.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-sclater452-16"><a href="#cite_ref-sclater452_16-0">↑</a> Philip Lutley Sclater, 1859, S. 452, Tafel 159.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bonaparte536-17"><a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte536_17-0">↑</a> Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1854), S. 536.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-bonaparte67-18"><a href="#cite_ref-bonaparte67_18-0">↑</a> Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte (1855), S. 67.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-waterhouse45-19"><a href="#cite_ref-waterhouse45_19-0">↑</a> Frederick Herschel Waterhouse, S. 50. Hier wird Publikationsjahr, Lieferung mit den Tafel in A monograph of the Trochilidæ dargestellt.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gould12-20"><a href="#cite_ref-gould12_20-0">↑</a> John Gould, Tafel 12 plus dazugehöriger Text

</li>

<li id="cite_note-malherb16-21"><a href="#cite_ref-malherb16_21-0">↑</a> Alfred Malherbe, S. 16, Tafel 53 bis, Figur 5.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-dohrn326-22"><a href="#cite_ref-dohrn326_22-0">↑</a> Heinrich Wolfgang Ludwig Dohrn, S. 326.

</li>

</ol>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>

<ul><li>Captain William Allen, R.N. and T.R.H. Thompson, M.D., Surgeon, R.N.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pdavis.nl/Niger.htm">A Narrative of the Expedition to the River Niger 1841.</a> 1848, abgerufen am 23. Mai 2008 (englisch).<span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Fraser&rft.title=A+Narrative+of+the+Expedition+to+the+River+Niger+1841&rft.description=A+Narrative+of+the+Expedition+to+the+River+Niger+1841&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdavis.nl%2FNiger.htm&rft.creator=Captain+William+Allen%2C+R.N.+and+T.R.H.+Thompson%2C+M.D.%2C+Surgeon%2C+R.N.&rft.date=1848&rft.language=en"> </li></ul>

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Normdaten (Person): <a href="Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1024066509">1024066509</a> | <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2012109646">no2012109646</a> | <a href="Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/260375958/">260375958</a> | </div>

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